Rust Programming Beginner Friendly Guide Interactive Activities

Dive into the world of Rust programming with hands-on activities! This beginner-friendly guide takes you on a journey through Rust’s syntax, concepts, and best practices, all while engaging in interactive exercises. From decision-making to data management, you’ll explore key topics and solidify your understanding through practical coding challenges. Get ready to level up your Rust skills and embark on a rewarding learning experience!

• High-level language features without performance penalties
• Program behaviors can be enforced at compile time
• Enhanced program reliability
• Built-in dependency management, similar to npm
• Quickly growing ecosystem of libraries
• Friendly & welcoming developer community

• First-class multithreading
  • Compiler error to improperly access shared data
• Type system:
  • Can uncover bugs at compile time
  • Makes refactoring simple
  • Reduces the number of tests needed
• Module system makes code separation simple
• Adding a dependency is 1 line in a config file
• Tooling:
  • Generate docs, lint code, auto format

• Memory only stores binary data
  • Anything can be represented in binary
  • Program determines what the binary represents
• Basic types that are universally useful are provided by the language

• Boolean
  • true, false
• Integer
  • 1, 2, 50, 99, -2
• Double / Float
  • 1.1, 5.5, 200.0001, 2.0
• Character
  • ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘c’, ‘6’, ’$’
• String
  • “Hello”, “world”, “this is a string”, “it’s 101”

<p>♟️ Anything can be represented with binary <br/> ♟️ Basic data types are:</p>

boolean , integer , double & float , character , string

• Assign data to a temporary memory location
  • Allows programmer to easily work with memory
• Can be set to any value & type
• Immutable by default, but can be mutable
  • Immutable : cannot be changed
  • Mutable : can be changed

<p>Memory is essentially data; it serves as a space for storing information.</p>

 let number = 2;
let hello = "hello";
let x = 'x';
let my_half = 0.5;
let mut my_name = "Mohammed";
let learn_program = true;
let your_half = my_half; 

<p>🚀 Variables make it easier to work with data <br/> 🚀 Variables can be assigned to any value This include other variables <br/> 🚀 Immutable by default</p>

• A way to encapsulate program functionality
  • Optionally accept data
  • Optionally return data
• Utilized for code organization
  • Also makes code easier to read

Structure

 fn fun_name(parameters: type) -> return_type {
    return something
} 

Example

 fn add(a: 132, b: i32) -> i32 {
    a + b
} 

 fn add(a: 132, b: i32) -> 132 {
    a + b
}
 
let x = add(1, 1);
let y = add(3, 0);
let z = add(x, 1); 

<p>✴️ Functions encapsulate functionality <br/> ✴️ Useful to organize code <br/> ✴️ Can be executed by “calling” the function <br/>         〽️ Parameters determine what data a function can work with <br/> ✴️ Optionally “returns” data <br/>         〽️ Data sent back from the function</p>

• Macros expand into additional code
• println “Prints” (displays) information to the terminal
• Useful for debugging

 let x = 101;
 
println!("hello world");
println!("{:?}", x);
println!("{:?} {:?}", x, x);
println!("the meaning is {:?}", x);
 
// also use
println!("{x:?}");
// and
println!("{x}"); 

• Generate additional Rust code
• Data can be printed using println!:
  • {:?}
  • {varname:?}

• Code executed line-by-line
• Actions are performed & control flow may change
• Specific conditions can change control flow
  • ► if
  • ► else
  • ► else if

 let a 99;
if a > 99 {
    if a > 200 {
        println! ("Huge number");
    } else {
        println! ("Big number");
    }
} else {
    println! ("Small number");
} 

Example Simple Flow

 +--------+
| Start  |
+---+----+
    |
    v
+---+------------+
| Declare x = 1  |
+---+------------+
    |
    v                                 let x = 32;
+---+------------+                    let y = 32;
| Declare y = 2  |                    let z = 32;
+---+------------+
    |
    v
+---+------------+
| Declare x = 3  |
+---+------------+
    |
    v
+---+----+
| End    |
+--------+ 

Example if..else

 +-----------------------+
|        Start          |
+-----------------------+
         |
         v
     +----------+
     |  x = 99  | (Assignment)
     +----------+
         |                            let x = 99;
         v
     +----------+                     if x > 99 {
     |  x > 99? | (Decision)              println! ("Big number");
     +----------+                     } else {
         |                                println! ("Small number");
         v                            }
     /        \
    Yes        No
     v        v
+----------+ +----------+
| Big      | | Small    |
| number   | | number   |
+----------+ +----------+
         |
         v
+-----------------------+
|        End            |
+-----------------------+ 

Example Nested if..else

 +-----------------------+
|        Start          |
+-----------------------+
           |
           v
      +----------+
      |  x = 99  | (Assignment)
      +----------+
           |
           v
      +----------+
      |  x > 99? | (Decision)
      +----------+
        /        \                    let x = 99;
      Yes         No
       |           |                  if x > 99 {
       v           v                      if x > 200 {
+----------+     +----------+                 println! ("Huge number");
| x > 200? |     | Small    |             } else {
|(Decision)|     | number   |                 println! ("Big number");
+----------+     +----------+             }
  /         \               |         } else {
Yes          No             |             println! ("Small number");
 |            |             |         }
 v            v             |
+----------+ +----------+   |
| Huge     | | Big      |   |
| number   | | number   |   |
+----------+ +----------+   |
      |            |        |
      v            v        |
+-----------------------+   |
|        End            |<--/
+-----------------------+ 

Example if..else if..else

 +-----------------------+
|        Start          |
+-----------------------+
         |
         v
    +----------+
    |  x = 99  | (Assignment)
    +----------+
         |
         v
    +----------+
    |  x > 200?| (Decision)
    +----------+
     /        \                       let x =  99;
    Yes       No
     |        |                       if x > 200 {
     v        v                           println! ("Huge number");
+----------+ +----------+             }else if x > 99 {
| Huge     | | x > 99?  |                 println! ("Big number");
| number   | |(Decision)|             } else {
+----------+ +----------+                 println! ("Small number");
|             /     \                 }
|            Yes     No
|           /         \
|          /           \
|   +----------+ +----------+
|   | Big      | | Small    |
|   | number   | | number   |
|   +----------+ +----------+
|        |            |
|        v            v
|   +-----------------------+
\-->|        End            |
    +-----------------------+ 

<p>✴️ Code executes line-by-line <br/> ✴️ This can be changed using <code class="text-fluid-base tracking-tight [counter-reset:code] not-data-language:inline-flex not-data-language:px-1 not-data-language:decoration-clone not-data-language:leading-tight"> if </code> <br/> ✴️ Try to always include <code class="text-fluid-base tracking-tight [counter-reset:code] not-data-language:inline-flex not-data-language:px-1 not-data-language:decoration-clone not-data-language:leading-tight"> else </code>, unless there truly is no alternative case</p>

• Called looping or iteration
• Multiple types of loops
• loop infinite loop
• while conditional loop

Loop & While loop

 +-----------------------+
|        Start          |                     // loop
+-----------------------+                     let mut z = 0;
          |
          v                                   loop {
     +----------+                                 if z == 5 {
     |   z = 0  | (Assignment)                        break;
     +----------+                                 }
          |                                       println!("{:?}", z);
          v                                       z = z + 1;
+-----------------------+<-------------\      }
|         Loop          | (Loop Start) |
+-----------------------+              |
          |                            |
          v                            |
     +----------+                      |
     |  Print z | (Output)             |      // while loop
     +----------+                      |      let mut x = 0;
          |                            |
          v                            |      while x != 5 {
     +----------+                      |          println!("{:?}", x);
     |  z == 5? | (Decision)           |          x = x + 1;
     +----------+                      |      }
        /     \                        |
       Yes     NO                      |
      /         \                      |
     /           \                     |
+-----------+ +-----------+            |
|  break    | | z = z + 1 |  continue  |
|           | |(Increment)|----------->/
+-----------+ +-----------+
        |
        v
     +------------------+
     |       End        |
     +------------------+ 

<p>♟️ Repetition can be performed using loops <br/>         ♟️ While loop <br/>         ♟️ Infinite loop <br/> ♟️ Both types of loops can exit using “break”</p>

Installing Rust on Linux

1. Install Rustup: Open a terminal and run:

 curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh 

2. Verify Installation: In the terminal, type rustc --version to verify Rust installation. Check Cargo with cargo --version .

Installing Rust on macOS

1. Install with Homebrew: In a terminal, run:

 brew install rust 

2. Verify Installation: In the terminal, type rustc --version to verify Rust installation. Check Cargo with cargo --version .

 cargo init hello_world
cd hello_world 

Exploring Project Files: Inside the project directory, you’ll find the following files:

• Cargo.toml : This file contains metadata about the project and its dependencies. You can specify dependencies, project name, version, and other configurations here.
• src directory: This directory contains your project’s source code files. The main.rs file is the entry point for your Rust application.

1. Build the Project: To compile your Rust project, run the following command in the project directory:

 cargo build 

This command compiles your project and generates the executable binary file.

2. Run the Project: Once the project is built successfully, you can run the executable binary by executing:

 cargo run 

This command builds and executes the project. You’ll see the output of your Rust program in the terminal.

Now let’s add the traditional “Hello, World!” program to your Rust project. Open the main.rs file located in the src directory and replace its contents with the following code.

 fn main() {
    println!("Hello, world!");
} 

This simple program prints “Hello, world!” to the console.

• Run the Program: After adding the “Hello, World!” program, you can run it using the cargo run command as described above. You should see the “Hello, world!” message printed in the terminal.

 cargo run 

Output

 Hello, world! 

<p>Congratulations! 🎉 You have successfully created a Rust project, built it, and executed it. You can now continue to develop your project by adding more code to the <code class="text-fluid-base tracking-tight [counter-reset:code] not-data-language:inline-flex not-data-language:px-1 not-data-language:decoration-clone not-data-language:leading-tight"> main.rs </code> file or by creating additional Rust source files in the <code class="text-fluid-base tracking-tight [counter-reset:code] not-data-language:inline-flex not-data-language:px-1 not-data-language:decoration-clone not-data-language:leading-tight"> src </code> directory.</p>

• Comments are used to explain code in plain language.
• They help other developers understand your code.
• Comments are ignored by the compiler.
• In Rust, single-line comments start with // .
• Multi-line comments start with /* and end with */ .
• Prefer clear variable names that express their purpose over using comments.
• Keep comments concise and use them only when needed to explain complex parts of the code.

 /* This is the entry point of the
   application.
*/
fn main() {
    // Display a message to the user
    println!("Hello, world!");
 
    // my favorite color
    let c = "black"; // avoid
 
    let my_favorite_color = "black";
} 

In this activity, you’ll learn how to define and use functions in Rust. Functions are a fundamental building block of Rust programming, allowing you to encapsulate and reuse code.

Your Task

Before we dive into the details, here’s a challenge for you: Try to implement the functionality described below on your own. Once you’ve given it a shot, you can compare your implementation with the example provided to see how well you did.

Steps

• Display First Name: Define a function called display_first_name that prints your first name to the console.

• Display Last Name: Define another function called display_last_name that prints your last name to the console.

• Call Functions: Call both functions from the main function to display your full name.

 // Define a function to display the first name
fn display_first_name() {
    println!("My first name is Mohammed");
}
 
// Define a function to display the last name
fn display_last_name() {
    println!("My last name is Shajahan");
}
 
// Main function
fn main() {
    // Call the display_first_name function
    display_first_name();
 
    // Call the display_last_name function
    display_last_name();
} 

Output

 My first name is Mohammed
My last name is Shajahan 

Try It Yourself

Take a moment to implement the activity on your own. Once you’re ready, compile and run your code using Cargo, and observe the output. Then, compare your implementation with the provided example to see how closely they match.

In this section, we’ll explore the basic arithmetic operations available in Rust. These operations allow you to perform mathematical calculations within your Rust programs.

 fn main() {
    let x = 100 + 1;   // Addition (+)
    let y = 9 - 4;    // Subtraction (-)
    let z = 5 * 8;   // Multiplication (*)
    let a = 20 / 5; // Division (/)
    let b = 10 % 3;// Remainder (Modulus) (%)
} 

Order of Operations

Just like in math class, Rust follows the order of operations (PEMDAS/BODMAS).

1. Parentheses
2. Exponents
3. Multiplication and Division (from left to right)
4. Addition and Subtraction (from left to right)

For example:

 let result = 10 + 5 * 2; // Rust does multiplication first, then addition 

This would give 20 , because 5 * 2 is calculated first (giving 10 ), and then 10 is added to 10 .

In this activity, you’ll practice performing basic arithmetic operations in Rust. Follow the steps below to complete the activity

Your Task

Try implementing the functionality described below on your own. Once you’ve completed it, compare your implementation with the example provided.

Steps

• Define Addition Function: Create a function called add_numbers that takes two parameters a and b of type i32 and returns their sum.

• Display Result: Define a function called display_result that takes a single parameter result of type i32 and displays it to the console using the println macro with the "{:?}" token.

• Call Functions: In the main function, call the add_numbers function with two numbers of your choice and store the result. Then, call the display_result function to print the result.

 // Define a function to add two numbers together
fn add_numbers(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
    a + b
}
 
// Define a function to display the result
fn display_result(result: i32) {
    println!("{:?}", result);
}
 
fn main() {
    // Call the add_numbers function to perform addition
    let result: i32 = add_numbers(10, 20);
 
    // Display the result
    display_result(result);
} 

Output

 30 

Your Turn

Take some time to implement the activity on your own. Once you’re done, compile and run your code using Cargo. Compare your output with the expected output provided above.

In Rust, you can make decisions in your code using if and else statements. This is super handy when you want your program to do different things based on certain conditions.

Basic Structure

 if condition {
    // Do something if the condition is true
} else {
    // Do something else if the condition is false
} 

Let’s say we want to check if someone is old enough to purchase something

 fn main() {
    let age = 15;
    if age >= 21 {
        println!("Ok to purchase");
    }else {
        println!("Cannot purchase");
    }
} 

• We set age to 15 .
• The if statement checks if age is 21 or older.
• If it is, it prints "Ok to purchase" .
• If not, it prints "Cannot purchase" .

In this activity, you’ll practice using the if..else statement in Rust to display a message based on the value of a boolean variable.

Your Task

Your task is to create a Rust program that displays a message based on the value of a boolean variable. Steps

• Define the Boolean Variable: Create a boolean variable named my_bool and set it to either true or false .
• Check the Value: Use an if..else block to check the value of the my_bool variable.
• Display Message: If my_bool is true , display “Hello”. If it’s false , display “Goodbye”.

 fn main() {
    // Define the boolean variable
    let my_bool = true;
 
    // Check the value and display message
    if my_bool {
        println!("Hello");
    } else {
        println!("Goodbye");
    }
} 

Output

 Hello 

Try It Yourself

Implement the activity on your own. Once you’re done, compile and run your code using Cargo to see if it produces the expected output.

In this activity, you’ll use the if..else if..else statement in Rust to determine which message to display based on the value of a variable.

Your Task

Your task is to create a Rust program that displays >5 , <5 , or =5 based on the value of a variable. Steps

• Define the Variable: Create a variable named x and set it to any integer value.
• Check the Value: Use an if..else if..else block to check the value of the variable x .
• Display Message: Display >5 if x is greater than 5, <5 if x is less than 5, and =5 if x is equal to 5.

 fn main() {
    let x = 7;
 
    if x > 5 {
        println!(">5");
    } else if x < 5 {
        println!("<5");
    } else {
        println!("=5");
    }
} 

Output

 >5 

Try It Yourself

Implement the activity on your own. Once you’re done, compile and run your code using Cargo to see if it produces the expected output.

• Add logic to program
• Similar to if..else
• Exhaustive
  • All options must be accounted for

Example with boolean

 fn main() {
    let some_bool = true;
    match some_bool {
        true => println! ("its true"),
        false => println! ("its false"),
    }
} 

Example with int

 fn main() {
    let some_int = 3;
    match some_int {
        1 => println! ("its 1"),
        2 => println! ("its 2"),
        3 => println! ("its 3"),
        => println! ("its something else"),
    }
} 

match vs else..if

• match will be checked by the compiler
  • If a new possibility is added, you will be notified when this occurs
• else..if is not checked by the compiler
  • If a new possibility is added, your code may contain a bug

<p>♟️ Prefer <code class="text-fluid-base tracking-tight [counter-reset:code] not-data-language:inline-flex not-data-language:px-1 not-data-language:decoration-clone not-data-language:leading-tight"> match </code> over <code class="text-fluid-base tracking-tight [counter-reset:code] not-data-language:inline-flex not-data-language:px-1 not-data-language:decoration-clone not-data-language:leading-tight"> else..if </code> when working with a single variable <br/> ♟️ <code class="text-fluid-base tracking-tight [counter-reset:code] not-data-language:inline-flex not-data-language:px-1 not-data-language:decoration-clone not-data-language:leading-tight"> match </code> considers all possibilities <br/>         ♟️ More robust code <br/> ♟️ Use underscore (<code class="text-fluid-base tracking-tight [counter-reset:code] not-data-language:inline-flex not-data-language:px-1 not-data-language:decoration-clone not-data-language:leading-tight"> _ </code>) to <code class="text-fluid-base tracking-tight [counter-reset:code] not-data-language:inline-flex not-data-language:px-1 not-data-language:decoration-clone not-data-language:leading-tight"> match </code> “anything else” <br/></p>

Making decisions with match

 fn main() {
    let my_name = "Liyana";
    match my_name {
        "Liyana" => println! ("that is my name"),
        "Liviya" => println! ("not my name"),
        "Ali" => println! ("hello ali"),
        _ => println! ("nice to meet you!"), // Default pattern for any other value
    }
} 

• We have a variable my_name set to “Liyana”.
• The match statement checks my_name against specific patterns.
• If my_name matches “Liyana”, we print “That’s my name!”.
• If it matches “Liviya”, we print “That’s not my name.”.
• If it matches “Ali”, we print “Hello, Ali!”.
• If my_name doesn’t match any pattern, indicated by _ , we print “Nice to meet you!”.

In this activity, you’ll practice using the match expression in Rust to display a message based on the value of a boolean variable.

Your task

Your task is to create a Rust program that displays “it’s true” if a boolean variable is true and “it’s false” if the variable is false.

Steps

• Define the Boolean Variable: Create a boolean variable named my_bool and set it to either true or false .
• Use Match Expression: Utilize a match expression to determine which message to display based on the value of the my_bool variable.
• Display Message: Inside the match expression, print “it’s true” if the value is true and “it’s false” if the value is false .

 fn main() {
    // Define the boolean variable
    let my_bool = true;
 
    // Use match expression to determine the message
    match my_bool {
        true => println!("it's true"),
        false => println!("it's false"),
    }
} 

Output

 it's true 

Test Your Code

Compile and run your code using Cargo to see if it produces the expected output. If the output matches the expected result, then your implementation is correct! 🏆

In this activity, you’ll utilize the match expression in Rust to display a message based on the value of an integer variable.

Your Task

Your task is to create a Rust program that displays “one”, “two”, “three”, or “other” based on whether the value of a variable is 1, 2, 3, or some other number, respectively. 🎯

Steps

• Define the Integer Variable: Create an integer variable named my_number and set it to any integer value.
• Use Match Expression: Implement a match expression to determine which message to display based on the value of the my_number variable.
• Display Message: Inside the match expression, print “One” if the value is 1, “Two” if the value is 2, “Three” if the value is 3, and “some other number” for any other value. 🖨️

 fn main() {
    // Define the integer variable
    let my_number = 2;
 
    // Use match expression to determine the message
    match my_number {
        1 => println!("One"),
        2 => println!("Two"),
        3 => println!("Three"),
        _ => println!("some other number"),
    }
} 

Output

 Two 

Test Your Code

Compile and run your code using Cargo to see if it produces the expected output. If the output matches the expected result, then your implementation is correct! 🏆

In Rust, the loop keyword allows you to create a loop that repeats indefinitely until you explicitly tell it to stop.

 fn main() {
    let mut i = 3;
    loop {
        println!("{:?}", i);
        i = i - 1;      // Decrement i by 1
        if i == 0 {    // Check if i reached 0
            break;    // If so, exit the loop
        }
    }
    println!("done!");
} 

• We start with a variable i initialized to 3 .
• Then, we enter an infinite loop .
• Inside the loop , we print the current value of i .
• We decrement i by with each iteration of the loop .
• If i becomes 0 , we exit the loop using the break keyword.
• After exiting the loop , we print “done!” to indicate that the loop has finished.

In this activity, you’ll practice using the loop statement in Rust to display numbers from “1” through “4” in the terminal.

Your Task

Your task is to create a Rust program that prints numbers from “1” through “4” in the terminal using a loop statement.

Steps

• Initialize a Mutable Variable: Create a mutable integer variable named x and set its initial value to 1 .

• Use a Loop Statement: Utilize a loop statement to repeatedly execute a block of code.

• Print the Variable: Within the loop , print the current value of the variable x using println!("{:?}", x) .

• Exit the Loop: Implement an if statement to check if the value of x equals 4 . If it does, use the break keyword to exit the loop .

• Increment the Variable: Inside the loop , increment the value of x by 1 in each iteration using x += 1 .

 fn main() {
    let mut x = 1;
    loop {
        println!("{:?}", x);
        if x == 4 {
            break;
        }
        x += 1;
    }
} 

Output

 1
2
3
4 

Test Your Code

Compile and run your code using Cargo to see if it produces the expected output. If the output matches the expected result, then your implementation is correct! 🏆

The while loop executes a block of code repeatedly as long as a specified condition is true.

 fn main() {
    let mut i = 1;
    while i <= 3 {
        println!("{:?}", i);
        i = i + 1;
    }
} 

• We initialize a mutable variable i to 1 .
• We use a while loop to repeat the block of code as long as the condition i <= 3 is true.
• Inside the loop, we print the value of i and then increment it by 1 .
• The loop continues until i is no longer less than or equal to 3 .

In this activity, you’ll practice using a while loop in Rust to count down from 5 to 1 and display the countdown in the terminal.

Your Task

Your task is to create a Rust program that counts down from 5 to 1 and displays the countdown in the terminal, then prints “done!” when complete.

Steps

• Define a Mutable Integer Variable: Create a mutable integer variable named counter and set it to 5 .
• Use a While Loop: Utilize a while loop to repeatedly execute a block of code as long as the condition counter >= 1 is true.
• Print the Countdown: Inside the while loop, print the value of counter .
• Decrement the Counter: After printing the value of counter , decrement it by 1 .
• Print “Done!”: After the loop, print “Done!” to indicate that the countdown is complete.

 fn main() {
    // Define a mutable integer variable
    let mut counter = 5;
 
    // Use a while loop to count down
    while counter >= 1 {
        // Print the variable within the while loop
        println!("{:?}", counter);
 
        // Decrement the counter
        counter -= 1;
    }
 
    println!("Done!"); // Print "Done!" after the loop
} 

Output

 5
4
3
2
1
Done! 

Test Your Code

Compile and run your code using Cargo to see if it produces the expected output. If the output matches the expected result, then your implementation is correct! 🏆

• Data that can be one of multiple different possibilities
  • Each possibility is called a “variant”
• Provides information about your program to the compiler
  • More robust programs

 enum Direction {
    Left,
    Right
}
 
fn main() {
    let go = Direction::left;
    match go {
        Direction::Left => println!("Go Left"),
        Direction::Right => println!("Go Right"),
    }
} 

• Define Direction enum : This has variants Left and Right .
• Initialize go: Set to Direction::Left .
• Match statement: Checks if go is Left (prints "Go Left") or Right (prints "Go Right") .
• Output: Because go is Left , it prints "Go Left" .

<p>♦️ Enums can only be one variant at a time <br/> ♦️ More robust programs when paired with match <br/> ♦️ Make program code easier to read <br/></p>

In this activity, you’ll create a Rust program that prints the name of a color to the terminal using an enum and a matching function.

Your Task

Your task is to define an enum called Color with variants for different color names. Then, create a function named print_color that takes a Color enum as a parameter and prints the corresponding color name to the terminal.

Steps

• Define the Enum: Declare an enum named Color with variants Red , Green , Blue , and Black .
• Declare the Function: Write a function named print_color that takes a Color enum as a parameter.
• Match Expression: Inside the print_color function, use a match expression to determine which color name to print based on the variant.
• Call the Function: In the main function, call the print_color function with a chosen color variant.

 // Define an enum with color names as variants
enum Color {
    Red,
    Green,
    Blue,
    Black,
}
 
// Define a function to print the color name
fn print_color(color: Color) {
    // Use a match expression to determine which color name to print
    match color {
        Color::Red => println!("Red"),
        Color::Green => println!("Green"),
        Color::Blue => println!("Blue"),
        Color::Black => println!("Black"),
    }
}
 
fn main() {
    // Call the print_color function with a color variant
    print_color(Color::Black);
} 

Output

 Black 

Test Your Code

Compile and run your code using Cargo to verify that it produces the expected output. If the output matches the expected result, then your implementation is correct! 🏆

• A type that contains multiple pieces of data
  • All or nothing cannot have some pieces of data and not others
• Each piece of data is called a “field”
• Makes working with data easier
  • Similar data can be grouped together

 struct GroceryItem {
    stock: i32,
    price: f64,
}
 
fn main() {
    let  oats = GroceryItem {
        stock: 10,
        price: 3.99,
    };
    println!("Stock: {:?}", oats.stock);
    println!("Price: {:?}", oats.price);
} 

• We define a struct named GroceryItem to represent grocery items.
• The GroceryItem struct has two fields: stock of type i32 and price of type f64 .
• In the main function, we create an instance of the GroceryItem struct named oats .
• We initialize the oats instance with a stock quantity of 10 and a price of 3.99 .
• We then print the stock and price of the oats item using println! statements.

<p>♦️ Structs deal with multiple pieces of data <br/> ♦️ All fields must be present to create a struct <br/> ♦️ Fields can be accessed using a dot <code class="text-fluid-base tracking-tight [counter-reset:code] not-data-language:inline-flex not-data-language:px-1 not-data-language:decoration-clone not-data-language:leading-tight"> (.) </code> <br/></p>

In this activity, you’ll practice using structs and enums in Rust to organize and represent data about different types of drinks.

Your Task

Your task is to create a Rust program that prints the flavor and fluid ounces of various drinks.

Steps

• Define Enum for Drink Flavors: Create an enum named Flavor to represent different flavors of drinks. Include variants for Sweet , Fruity , and Spice .
• Define Struct for Drink: Create a struct named Drink to store information about a drink, including its flavor (using the Flavor enum) and fluid_ounce .
• Create a Function to Display Drink Details: Implement a function named display_drink that takes a Drink as a parameter and prints out its flavor and fluid ounces. Use a match expression within this function to print the drink flavor based on the variant of the Flavor enum.
• Create Drink Instances: In the main function, create at least two instances of Drink , each with its own flavor and fluid ounce information.
• Call the Display Function: Call the display_drink function for each drink instance created in step 4 to print its flavor and fluid ounces.

 // Define enum for drink flavors
enum Flavor {
    Sweet,
    Fruity,
    Spice,
}
 
// Define struct for drink
struct Drink {
    flavor: Flavor,
    fluid_ounce: f64,
}
 
// Function to display drink details
fn display_drink(drink: Drink) {
    match drink.flavor {
        Flavor::Sweet => println!("Flavor: Sweet"),
        Flavor::Fruity => println!("Flavor: Fruity"),
        Flavor::Spice => println!("Flavor: Spice"),
    }
    println!("Fluid Ounces: {:?}", drink.fluid_ounce);
}
 
fn main() {
    // Create instances of Drink
    let spice_drink = Drink {
        flavor: Flavor::Spice,
        fluid_ounce: 5.7,
    };
 
    let fruity_drink = Drink {
        flavor: Flavor::Fruity,
        fluid_ounce: 10.0,
    };
 
    // Display drink details
    display_drink(spice_drink);
    display_drink(fruity_drink);
} 

Output

 Flavor: Spice
Fluid Ounces: 5.7
Flavor: Fruity
Fluid Ounces: 10.0 

Test Your Code

Compile and run your code using Cargo to ensure it produces the expected output. If the output matches the expected result, then your implementation is correct! 🏆

• A type of “record”.
• Store data anonymously.
  • No need to name fields.
• Useful to return pairs of data from functions.
• Can be “destructured” easily into variables.

 fn main() {
    let x = (1, 2);
    println!("{:?}, {:?}", x.0, x.1);
 
    let (x, y) = (2, 3);
    println!("{:?}, {:?}", x, y);
 
    let (name, age) = ("Liviya", 18);
    println!("User Name: {:?}", name);
    println!("User Age: {:?}", age);
} 

• Tuple Declaration: We create a tuple x with values 1 and 2 .
• Printing Tuple Elements: Print both elements of x using println! .
• Tuple Destructuring: We create a new tuple (x, y) with values 2 and 3 .
• Printing Destructured Tuple: Print both elements of (x, y) , which is (2, 3) .
• Tuple Destructuring with Different Types: We create a tuple (name, age) with values "Liviya" and 18 .
• Printing Destructured Tuple with Different Types: Print the values of name and age .

<p>♦️ Allow for anonymous data access <br/> ♦️ Useful when destructuring <br/> ♦️ Can contain any number of fields <br/>         ♦️ Use struct when more than 2 or 3 fields <br/></p>

In this activity, you’ll work with tuples to manage data representing coordinates.

Your Task

Your task is to create a Rust program that prints whether the y-value of a Cartesian coordinate is greater than 5, less than 5, or equal to 5.

Steps

• Define a Function: Create a function named coordinate that returns a tuple representing Cartesian coordinates. The function should return (3, 7) .
• Destructure the Tuple: Inside the main function, destructure the return value of the coordinate function into two variables, _x and y .
• Use Conditional Statements: Use an if..else if..else block to determine whether the y value is greater than 5, less than 5, or equal to 5. Print the appropriate message in each case.

 // * Use a function that returns a tuple
fn coordinate() -> (i32, i32) {
    (3, 7)
}
 
fn main() {
    // * Destructure the return value into two variables
    let (_x, y) = coordinate();
 
    // * Use an if..else if..else block to determine what to print
    if y > 5 {
        println!("Greater than 5");
    } else if y < 5 {
        println!("Less than 5");
    } else {
        println!("Equal to 5");
    }
} 

Output

 Greater than 5 

Test Your Code

Compile and run your code using Cargo to see if it produces the expected output. If the output matches the expected result, then your implementation is correct! 🏆

• Rust is an expression-based language.
  • Most things are evaluated and return some value.
• Expression values coalesce to a single point.
  • Can be used for nesting logic.

 enum Access {
    Admin,
    Manager,
    User,
    Guest
}
 
fn main() {
    // secret file: admin only
    let access_level = Access::Guest;
    let can_access_file = match access_level {
        Access::Admin => true,
        _ => false
    }
 
    println!("{:?}", can_access_file);
} 

• Enum Declaration: Define an enum named Access with variants Admin , Manager , User , and Guest .
• Main Function: Declare the main function.
• Access Level: Initialize a variable access_level with the value Access::Guest .
• Access Check: Use a match expression to check the access_level .
  • If the access_level is Access::Admin , we set can_access_file to true .
  • Otherwise (for all other access levels), we set can_access_file to false .
• Print Result: Print the value of can_access_file to the console.

<p>♦️ Expressions allow nested logic <br/> ♦️ if and match expressions can be nested <br/>         ♦️ Best to not use more than two or three levels</p>

In this activity, you’ll practice working with expressions in Rust to determine whether a value is greater than 100.

Your Task

Your task is to create a Rust program that prints “its big” if a variable is greater than 100 and “its small” if the variable is less than or equal to 100.

Steps

• Define a Function: Create a function named print_message that takes a boolean parameter gt_100 . Inside this function, use a match expression to determine whether gt_100 is true or false . Print “It’s big” if gt_100 is true , and “It’s small” if gt_100 is false .
• Evaluate the Expression: In the main function, create a variable named value and set it to 100 . Then, create a boolean variable named is_gt_100 and set it to the result of the expression value > 100 . This expression evaluates to true if value is greater than 100 and false otherwise.
• Print the Message: Call the print_message function and pass is_gt_100 as an argument.

 // * Use a match expression to determine which message
//   to print
fn print_message(gt_100: bool) {
    match  gt_100 {
        true => println!("It's big"),
        false => println!("It's small")
    }
}
 
fn main() {
    // * Use a boolean variable set to the result of
    //   an if..else expression to store whether the value
    //   is > 100 or <= 100
    let value = 100;
    let is_gt_100 = value > 100; // shortcut instead of doing if..else
 
    print_message(is_gt_100);
} 

output

 It's small 

Test Your Code

Compile and run your code using Cargo to see if it produces the expected output. If the output matches the expected result, then your implementation is correct! 🏆